Suppliers doing business with the public sector may be in for an unpleasant surprise when they learn that their information can be released to outside parties once it comes into the hands of government. What I’ve heard from my clients: “What? No way. That’s all company confidential information! They can’t release that!”
As procurement professionals, it’s useful to understand just how far FOI transparency obligations extend to supplier information so that you can help sensitize suppliers to the public sector way of doing things before it’s too late. The quality of your relationships with suppliers depends on maintaining mutual trust, so there’s value in managing their expectations before they provide you with proprietary or other confidential information.
The Private Sector Way of Doing Business
Most private sector suppliers invest a surprising amount of time and resources protecting confidentiality of their business information. They’ll tell you it’s absolutely critical that they do so because confidentiality preserves their competitive advantage. Whether it’s their pricing strategies, trade secrets, customer lists or negotiated contract terms, often nothing is shared outside the organization until a non-disclosure agreement (“NDA”) is signed. I’ve seen NDA’s that make the very existence of the NDA and the fact that the parties are having discussions confidential. The philosophy in the private sector is, if it can be protected by an NDA, it should be protected.
The Public Sector Way of Doing Business
In contrast, transparency of government-held information is seen as a good thing. You may have heard that “sunlight is said to be the best of disinfectants”. This is an oft-used proverb reflecting the principle that transparency about the workings of government is good because it prevents corruption. There’s also a general consensus that the transparency of government contracts is good because it allows the public to monitor how public funds are spent.
This policy of transparency is embodied in freedom of information (“FOI”) legislation that is in place across Canada at all levels of government. While this legislation gives everyone in Canada the right to access government-held information, it also recognizes that release of third-party information can only go so far. If there was no protection of third-party information, governments might never get bids or do any business with the private sector, as suppliers would see this as too big a risk to their business. (Remember where they’re coming from; some won’t even talk to you unless there’s an NDA in place.)
To strike a balance between transparency and confidentiality, there are special provisions in all FOI legislation that exempt certain third-party information from disclosure. The provisions typically look like this one from the Ontario Freedom of Information Act:
17 (1) A head shall refuse to disclose a record that reveals a trade secret or scientific, technical, commercial, financial or labour relations information, supplied in confidence implicitly or explicitly, where the disclosure could reasonably be expected to,
(a) prejudice significantly the competitive position or interfere significantly with the contractual or other negotiations of a person, group of persons, or organization;
(b) result in similar information no longer being supplied to the institution where it is in the public interest that similar information continue to be so supplied;
(c) result in undue loss or gain to any person, group, committee or financial institution or agency; or…(labour relations exemption)
This seems straightforward enough; if it hurts the supplier’s business, then it won’t be released. Unfortunately, it’s not that simple.
A long line of cases have held that, for information to be exempted from release, the harm to the supplier has to be “material, undue” harm. It’s not enough for a supplier to claim that its competitive position will be impaired, which is what all suppliers tend to argue. FOI decision-makers require that suppliers provide direct evidence that significant prejudice or undue financial loss or gain will result from the release of information. Without direct evidence, which is normally supplied in the form of an affidavit, the decision-makers have consistently ignored supplier objections to releasing their information.
Does the existence of FOI legislation risk causing harm to the supplier’s competitive advantage? Absolutely. Courts and information commissioners understand that the release of supplier information may erode their competitive edge and that suppliers must accept this as the inherent cost of doing business with government. In the 2018 case Waterfront Development Corporation Ltd (Re) 2018 NSOPIPC 10 (CanLII):
“….the law anticipates that there could be some harm to a competitive position or some financial loss or gain without attracting s.21. Rather the law requires evidence of significant harm or undue financial loss or gain.”
Whether the requested information is negotiated contracts, successful or unsuccessful proposals, evaluation notes or supplier pricing, the reported decisions reveal that, when working with government, all supplier-provided materials are at risk of public disclosure.
What can Procuring Entities do to Help Unsuspecting Suppliers?
To help avoid unpleasant surprises for suppliers new to dealing with the public sector, procuring entities should proactively disclose the existence and implications of FOI legislation. This is typically done by embedding a provision in the RFx and contract templates alerting potential suppliers that the procuring entity is subject to FOI legislation.
Because the law will expect suppliers to protect information that is truly confidential and sensitive, suppliers may also benefit from being advised to selectively label truly confidential information as such in their proposals rather than take a broad-brush approach. A selective labelling shows that the supplier turned its mind to the specific information they would consider sensitive when submitting the information to government which will strengthen their case should the question of confidentiality ever be brought to court.
As a final point, in the face of a public FOI request for supplier information, the procuring entity should always involve the supplier in discussions over what should, and should not, be released to a requester. This consultation with your supplier is a critical moment in time for the relationship because it allows the procuring entity to educate the supplier on the FOI rules, and to alert the supplier as to its rights to fight for the protection of its confidential information before anything is released. The supplier’s objection to release which would usually be made through a court application or submissions to the information commissioner.
Is the Cost of Doing Business with the Public Sector Worth It?
Does emphasis on government transparency have a chilling effect? Does it cause suppliers to turn away from government? Given the suppliers we know are currently working with government, including big companies like IBM and Microsoft, I think it’s fair to say that the breadth of contracting opportunities that government brings to the table offset much of this risk. To maintain the trust factor, however, it’s important to ensure suppliers enter into this public procurement world with eyes wide open. Even with this knowledge in hand, as history has shown, suppliers will still engage with the public sector, and allow government to tap into the enormous potential that partnering with private sector brings for the provision of goods and services.
Lise Patry, an instructor with NECI, is a lawyer and former business executive with a strong background in technology and more than 20 years of business and legal experience in the public and private sectors. As principal of LXM Law, in addition to general law, she offers virtual counsel services and specialized expertise in contracts, licensing, government procurement and corporate governance. She can be reached in Ottawa at (613) 601-6333 or [email protected].
Readers are cautioned not to rely upon this article as legal advice nor as an exhaustive discussion of the topic or case. For any particular legal problem, seek advice directly from your lawyer or in-house counsel. All dates, contact information and website addresses were current at the time of original publication.
Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the Subject Matter Experts and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of The Procurement School.
Ian D. Robertson MCIP RPP says:
It is incorrect to assert that FOI legislation applies to all levels of government because that is not always the case. For example, here in the Yukon, municipalities are currently exempt. It is also important I think to make a distinction between tenders for the supply of materials and products and the provision of professional services through RFP’s and RFQ’s. While there are commonalities such as fixed billing rates and often standard product/material rates, there are other variables that may affect the actual price submitted. From a private sector/professional services perspective, one of our greatest concerns is often what happens to our proposal submissions after submission. Security is a big issue. I have seen my proposals end up in department libraries, parts being copied and used in other new RFP requests and in 3 cases, used by public sector employees after leaving the government through early retirement or switch to the private sector surface in their own RFP responses. The author raises a good point about the importance of trust but doesn’t address the issue of public sector responsibility to act appropriately.
Lise Patry says:
Thank you for this comment. First let me clarify that the Yukon, like all other public sector jurisdictions in Canada, does have freedom of information laws that apply at the municipal level. Yukon municipalities are, however, exempt from the CFTA. You are correct that employee responsibility to act appropriately in the conduct of their duties is not the topic of this brief article. That said, your comments are important to hear as they illustrate how trust between suppliers and government buyers can be lost when government employees misuse supplier proposal materials. We suggest that it also raises questions around breach of employment obligations.
Amir says:
I guess, there are provisions in the privacy legislation for public bodies (e.g., BC’s Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act (FOIPPA)) that exempts the disclosure of third party information when responding to Freedom of Information (FOI) request.
Maureen Sullivan says:
Yes Amir, the key is to ensure you know what the legislation that applies to your jurisdiction says. The starting place is that the public has a right to know – everything, unless it falls within one of the narrow exceptions stated in the applicable legislation.